Kickstarting this thread! I will flesh it out gradually, please join in. Inaugurating it with this excellent compilation by Andrew Lewis-Pye: Consensus Canon - a16z crypto
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Low hanging fruit 
: https://decentralizedthoughts.github.io/
I would also recommend the readings referenced here: COMS 6998-006: Foundations of Blockchains, Fall 2021
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Avalanche
- Snowman++: congestion control for Snowman VMs [Buttolph, 2021]
- Avalanche Blockchain Consensus [Avalanche Docs, 2022]
- Scaling Avalanche with Subnets and Specialized VMs with [O’Grady, a16z crypto, 2023]
- Scalable and Probabilistic Leaderless BFT Consensus through Metastability [Team Rocket, et al., 2020]
- Apricot Phase Four: Snowman++ and Reduced C-Chain Transaction Fees [O’Grady, 2021]
Celestia
- Celestia Consensus Specs [Celestia repo, 2022-]
- Lazy Ledger: A Distributed Data Availability Ledger With Client -Side Smart Contracts [Al-Bassam, 2019]
Ethereum
- Block production in Ethereum after The Merge [Stokes, 2022]
- Paths toward single-slot finality [Buterin, 2022-]
- EIP-4844 Consensus Specs – Polynomial Commitments [Ethereum CL Specs]
- Whisk: A practical shuffle-based SSLE protocol for Ethereum [asn, 2022]
- Reorg resilience and security in post-SSF LMD-GHOST [fradamt, 2022]
- Secret non-single leader election [Buterin, 2022]
- Two-slot proposer/builder separation [Buterin, 2021]
- Ethereum Reorgs After The Merge [Konstantanopoulos, Buterin, 2021]
- What is the difference between PBFT, Tendermint, SBFT and HotStuff ? [Abraham, 2019]
- The power of the adversary [Abraham, 2019]
- Data, Consensus, Execution: Three Scalability Bottlenecks for State Machine Replication [Abraham, 2019]
- Blockchain Selfish Mining [Eyal, 2020]
- Byzantine Agreement is Impossible for n ≤ 3f if the Adversary can Simulate [Nayak, Abraham, 2019]
More Consensus Protocols
- Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol [Kiayias, et al, 2019]
- Sync HotStuff: Simple and Practical Synchronous State Machine Replication [Abraham, et al., 2019]
- DiemBFT v4: State Machine Replication in the Diem Blockchain [Diem Team, 2021]
- Narwhal and Tusk: A DAG-based Mempool and Efficient BFT Consensus [Danezis, etal. 2022]
- Narwhal and Tusk (video) [Lefteris Kokoris Kogias 2022]
Nakamoto
- A model for Bitcoin’s security and the declining block subsidy [Hasu, Prestwich, Curtis, 2019]
- Everything is a race and Nakamoto Always Wins [Kannan, Tse, Denbo, et al., 2020]
Theory
- Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance [Castro, Liskov, 1999]
- Optimal Good-case Latency for Rotating Leader Synchronous BFT [Abraham, et al. 2021]
- How To Withstand Mobile Virus Attacks [Ostrovsky, Yung, 1991]
- Long-range Attacks on Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Blockchains (video)[Nikolaenko, a16z crypto, 2022]
- Resource Pools and the CAP Theorem [Lewis-Pye, Roughgarden, 2020]
- Consensus in the Age of Blockchains [Banno, et al., 2017]
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